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The Rights Of Human Dignity Essay - 1890 Words

â€Å"The right to life is illusory without a right to the protection of the means by which alone life can be lived. And, the right to life can only be taken away or abridged by a procedure established by law, which has to be fair and reasonable, not fanciful or arbitrary such.† (Olga Tellis vs Bombay Municipal Corporation,1985 SCC (3) 545) Discuss the law relating to the right to live in India. INTRODUCTION: To define the constitution ambit within which right to life with human dignity especially right to life-livelihood and holistic approach is sine qua non of the constitutional framework in India. All those things which go all along with the life and make it worth living comes within this. The right to live basically does not mean the bare life as it was said by Georgio Agamben in his HOMO-SACER book, the life is basically full of all those things which makes life worth living and it includes the health aspect, the societal values in the status particularly in the norms within the society; in all those things which make the life with dignity; hence it is not animal life but a political one. Supreme Court in many judgments held that the life is not bare life devoid of all things in society rather it includes the basic values which makes life worth living. In the words of Mahatma Gandhi: â€Å"According to me, the economic constitution of India, and for the matter of that of the world, should be such that no one under it should suffer from want of food and clothing. InShow MoreRelatedHuman Rights And Human Dignity1142 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Teaching, every human was born with a dignity and an inherent value. Our dignity is founded upon the doctrine of imago Dei (Himes 31); we are made in the image of God. Humans were able to receive God through incarnation, which reveals a lot about the human race (Himes 31). If God chose to become human, and humans were able to receive the word, then God is a part of us. A human’s image and capability to receive God is worth more than anything else and transcends human dignity. Therefore, we shouldRead MoreHuman Dignity And Human Rights Essay2637 Words   |  11 Pages HUMAN DIGNITY AND HUMAN RIGHTS Human rights rest on human dignity. The dignity of man is an ideal worth fighting for and worth dying for. - Robert Maynard 1.1 INTRODUCTION This paper is a study of human dignity and the judicial interpretation of Article 21 of the Indian jurisdiction. This paper comprehensively examines the theories of philosophers in respect to human dignity and human rights. Chapter I deal with the introductory part of human dignity. In this chapterRead MoreHuman Dignity And The Inalienable Rights Of Every Person1251 Words   |  6 PagesWhen Europeans began to colonize the New World at the end of the 15th century, they were well aware of the institution of slavery. Slavery has been a part of human society since its beginning and it continues to increase today. This kind of activities continues to growth in today’s society in different forms every country in the world. Mostly women are forced to practice prostitution, children and adults may be required to work in farming or factories producing goods for global corporate companiesRead MoreDoris Schroeder, human rights do not derive from human dignity. Schroeder states that hu man1600 Words   |  7 PagesDoris Schroeder, human rights do not derive from human dignity. Schroeder states that human rights must be separate from human dignity for three reasons: First, the justification paradox which is the concept that dignity does not solve the justification problem for human rights; instead it worsens it in secular societies. Second, Kant’s cul-de-sac: the notion that if human rights are based on Kant’s concept of dignity rather than theist grounds, those rights would lose their universal validityRead MoreHuman Dignity and Universal Health Care Essay1421 Words   |  6 Pagesfinancial protection to all global citizens. Thus allowing every human a right to a standard living without separating citizens due to their disorder, illness or lifestyle. Human dignity can be explained as a form of inherent and self-worth, however this can also have the potential to be taken away from someone either by their actions or the society. I believe that the universal health care is extremely important in relation to human dignity, especially to those who are unfortunate to not have the moneyRead MoreThematic Analysis Of Evangelii Gaudium 218 : Anethical Analysis1199 Words   |  5 Pagesthemes: Human Right and the Dignity of the Human Person, Love and Solidarity, Private ownership and Distributive Justice, Unjust Power and Social Structures, Distributive Justice and Preferential Treatment, Distribution of Wealth and Sustainable Peace, and the Necessity for the Prophet ic Voice. Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Person One may not comprehensively talks about human rights without an adequate reference to the dignity of the human person. This is so because â€Å"the dignity of theRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is Today s Version Of Slavery873 Words   |  4 PagesWe Are People Human trafficking is today’s version of slavery. Victims are forced into labor, prostitution, and other exploitations. In 2007 three brothers conspired together to trafficked women from Mexico to New York, Queens. The brothers threatened, assaulted, and psychologically coerced the young women and minors into prostitution. These men were committed to sex trafficking that one of the brothers, Victor Leonel Estrada- Tepal, forced his wife, who was only seventeen at the time, into theirRead MoreHuman Dignity in Relation to Universal Healthcare1814 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Dignity is complex there is no solid definition but similar words such as value and worth arise (ACU, 2014, 2.1.2) Many have different definition of what human dignity is these are two main categories of what human dignity means to people: Category 1 Some understandings of human dignity are based in the belief that it is something all humans already have, these are called â€Å"Attributed Dignity† (Weisstub and Dà ­az Pintos, 2008, p 27) - Because we are human, OR - Humans have special attributesRead MoreThe Categorical Imperative : Immanuel Kant842 Words   |  4 Pagesaccording to that maxim which can at the same time make itself a universal law† (42). This summation begins to tie in the concept of universal human rights. While the first statement of the categorical imperative deals more heavily with the presence or lack of contradictions, the second and third statements of the categorical imperative denote that humans are to be treated as never solely a means to an end. Both the second and third statements are practical. Kant’s third statement reads, â€Å"Act inRead MoreHumans and the Fight for Equality1208 Words   |  5 Pagesthe thoughts on the development of the perfect human race and the respect given towards a certain human remain written in a book. Francis Fukuyama records his opinions in his book, Our Posthuman Future, in a chapter called â€Å"Human Dignity†. This chapter explains the authors’ ide as on the origin and the importance of an attributed characteristic called â€Å"Factor x†. It described as a factor to human dignity. Fukuyama goes in depth about respecting humans up to their abilities and the religious, scientific

Essay Political Corruption in the United States - 2518 Words

â€Å"Corruption, improper and usually unlawful conduct intended to secure a benefit for oneself or another its forms include bribery, extortion, and the misuse of inside information. It exists where there is community indifference or a lack of enforcement policies.†(Encyclopedia Britannica). Today political Corruption in all forms exists in every country in the world. In some countries it is more prominent then in others, but no matter where you go it still occurs. Recently in mid 2013 some political corruption was brought to light in New York. â€Å"Since 2007, state senators have been more likely to be arrested then to lose their seats in a general election,† (New York Public Interest Research group). In April of 2013 New York State†¦show more content†¦The companies then purchased about thirty-five million acres of land which they then sold to the public and other land companies, and made tons of profit from this. This fraud eventually reached the p ublic eye, and by 1796 most of the involved legislators had deserted Georgia. Today there is one company that aims to increase the awareness of political and all other types of corruption in the world, its name is Transparency International. Transparency International has visited almost every country in the world(exceptions include North Korea and Somalia) and done extensive research into the corruption of that country. They take surveys and polls about corruption in order to figure out which countries are least corrupt and which are most corrupt. They have ranked every country in the world based on their research and polls. Through this research they have learned what countries do that only increase the corruption, and what measures other countries have taken to try and prevent corruption. There are three countries that tied for least corrupt overall by their measurements and those countries are Denmark, Finland and New Zealand. There was also a three way tie between Somali a, North Korea, and Afghanistan for most corrupt all around. On this list, that was recently updated in 2013, the UnitedShow MoreRelatedThe Political Corruption Of The United States1089 Words   |  5 PagesPolitical Corruption â€Å"All contributions by corporations to any political committee or for any political purpose should be forbidden by law† This quote from Theodore Roosevelt illustrates how corporate money can be disastrous when involved in election cycles. Unfortunately, this is not the case. The Supreme Court decided in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission that companies and Super PAC’s could donate unlimited amount of money to support candidates. The Citizens United ruling has causedRead MoreAnalyzing Mexico And United States:. History, Political1432 Words   |  6 Pages Analyzing Mexico and United States: History, Political Culture and Corruption Jeniffer Quintero Political Science 2 My 16, 2017 Abstract: Analyzing Mexico and United States: History, Political Culture and Corruption In 1917, the government of the United Mexican States became a Presidential Federal republic through its Mexican Constitution(Mexican Constitution, 2010). Like all other countries’ constitutions there has been changes that have been made over time. SomewhereRead MoreThe Government Protecting Citizens from Corruption1330 Words   |  5 PagesRegardless if a person is liberal or conservative, Republican or Democrat, the role within the United States government is to carry out essential responsibilities its citizens cannot perform. The United States citizens are responsible of electing politicians into government positions to solve the problems the country faces. One of those problems is corruption. The power of money is at the center of political corruption and even though fraud has been in existence for a long time, in recent years it has becomeRead MoreCitizens United for Arguments1260 Words   |  6 PagesPRO Resolved: On balance, the Supreme Court decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission is undemocratic. We affirm. To better the round, we clarify the following: First, the definition of â€Å"election process† ELECTIONS are based on three organizing concepts: equal respect, free choice, and popular sovereignty are the building blocks of fair and just elections. The democratic process should treat all citizens as free and equal persons. As applied to the electoral process this requiresRead MoreThe Democracy Of The United States Government1246 Words   |  5 PagesRandy Rivas Political Science 1 O’Regan Fall 2015 Voter Turnout In a democracy citizens are permitted to have a significant amount of influence on government through the election of government officials. This is known as Direct Democracy, which means that the citizens play a significant role on the laws and policies of the land. Although the liberty of voting is available, why is the voter turnout so low? Many other countries have a much larger vote turnout than the United States. The reason forRead MoreThe United States Vs. The Federal Election Commission1004 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the most controversial court cases that has pitted the main political forces against each other this past decade has been the controversial Citizens United vs. the Federal Election Commission. The background of the case, as taken from the website of the FEC states the following: â€Å"The Federal Election Campaign Act (the Act) prohibits corporations and labor unions from using their general treasury funds to make electioneering communications or for speech that expressly advocates the electionRead MoreEssay On Nicaraguan Investment Conditionally Act1695 Words   |  7 Pagesdictatorship and influential political dynasty who ruled the country from 1936 to 1979. Anastasio Somoza was the last family member to be President after being overthrown by the political party FSLN. He left Nicaragua and yielded the power to the Junta of National Reconstruction; whose coordinator was Daniel Ortega. Daniel Ortega was elected President in 1984, after spending six years in the presidency he was denied for reelection in 1990. As a result, Ortega’s political influence started to diminishRead MoreShould Global Superpowers Provide Aid From Corrupt Governments? Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesSLIDE 1 Hello, my name is Kenneth Davis Jr. candidate number 208 from Oakleaf High School, center number 218. Today I will be discussing my group’s question, â€Å"Should Global Superpowers Provide Aid to Corrupt Governments?† I will be focusing in â€Å"Political instability† in corrupt governments. SLIDE 2 Imagine if you were in a country where you constantly, had to scavenge for food, and most nights, you and your family starved. Imagine your stomach rumbling for days, and there was nothing you could doRead MoreSpeech : Is Money Speech?919 Words   |  4 PagesIs Money Speech? The funding of political campaigns and lobbying is one area where the freedom of â€Å"speech† should defiantly be restricted. In the 2000s, a series of court cases that culminated in Citizens United v. FEC have destroyed the ability of the American people to properly regulate election spending. As a result of this, the government has become massively corrupt, the government is now even less accountable to the American people, and the country has been greatly destabilized. Of course,Read MoreJewish Virtual Library ( Bard, 1998 )1482 Words   |  6 Pages readers will gain information on the challenges that impact the way business is conducted in Israel through current culture and political environments, business ethics, and corruption. As well as, trading, Free Trade Agreements, and trends. Historical Background The country of Israel was founded in early 1948 (Bard, 1998). Israel is currently, the only Jewish state in the world and was recently ranked by US News and World Reports, as the 8th most powerful country in the world in 2015 as stated

Bacterial Transformation Using pGLO Involving X and Y Genes Free Essays

Genetic transformation is due to a direct cause in the change by genes, due to the cell in taking and expressing traits from a separate piece of DNA. Naturally proficient bacteria are able to absorb exogenous DNA and go through genetic transformation. (Chen Dubnau, 2004) The purpose of this experiment was to discover how a gene could be moved from one organism to a different organism with the help of plasmid. We will write a custom essay sample on Bacterial Transformation Using pGLO Involving X and Y Genes or any similar topic only for you Order Now The cells that are capable of acquiring these traits from the other organism are known as being competent. Weedman, 2013). In this particular experiment we will genetically transform the bacteria E. coli by inserting a gene through heat shock, this gene codes for Green Fluorescent Protein, also known at GFP. The GFP gene originally comes from a Jellyfish and under an ultraviolet light the bacteria that acquired the gene with glow a brilliant fluorescent green color. (Portman et al. 2013). If the cells’ nutrient medium has the sugar arabinose added to it then GFP can be turned on. (Weedman, 2013). To determine if our hypothesis was correct, we used four differently prepared plates. The four plates each contained a different combination of the following; arabinose, ampicillin, LB nutrient broth, and pGLO plasmid. The combinations were; +pGLO LB/amp, +pGLO LB/amp/ara, -pGLO LB/amp, and -pGLO LB. Our hypothesis was: the plates with pGLO will have growth because they are resistant to the antibiotics involved, the plate with ampicillin and without pGLO will show no growth due to the fact that the antibiotic compromises the bacteria, and the plates that will grow will be the ones containing pGLO since they obtain the trait for glowing. Materials and Methods: All methods were obtained from (Weedman, 2013) Before beginning the experiment obtain latex gloves, two microcentrifuge tubes, a beaker filled with ice, a micropipetter, micropipetter tips, transformation solution containing calcium chloride, sterile loops, pGLO, E. coli, and four plates containing different substances. To begin label the two microcentrifuge tubes +pGLO and – pGLO. Then proceed to obtain 250ul of transformation solution and put it in each one of the tubes using a different miropipetter tip each time, this solution will help enhance the permeability of the cell membranes. Then use a sterile loop to acquire single colony of E. coli to add to the tube labeled +pGLO; add this by twisting the sterile loop until the pGLO is off. Then repeat the last step for the -pGLO tube using a new sterile loop. Next add pGLO to the tube labeled +pGLO, to do this take a new sterile loop and inserted it into a vile containing the plasmid pGLO. Then twist the loop into the tube labeled +pGLO, then place both tubes into the beaker filled with ice for approximately 10 minutes. While the tubes are on ice grab the four LB (Luria Bertani broth) nutrient agar plates. Each plate should be labeled either +pGLO or – GLO; you should nave 1 LB/amp/ara plate (+pGLO), 1 LB plate (-pGLO 2 LB/amp plates (+pGLO)(-pGLO). After 10 minutes in the ice bath place the tubes in a floating rack and put them in a 420C water bath for exactly 50 seconds, giving them a heat shock. Immediately place both tubes back in the ice after the water bath for approximately 2 minutes. Once 2 minutes is up remove the tubes from the ice and put them in the rack at room temperature. Using a new tip each time, add 250ul of nutrient broth to both tubes. Then close the tubes and let them sit at room temperature for 10 minutes. After 10 minutes flick both tubes with your fingers to ix the contents, then using a fresh tip each time add 100ul of the transformation solution (+pGLO) and the control (-pGLO) to their appropriately labeled plates. Using a new sterile loop each time spread the contents around in each dish. Then tape the plates together and placed them upside-down in an incubator set at 370 C for 24 hours. Results: This experiment shows how a gene can be transferred from one organism to a different organism through the help of plasmid. Traits are exchanged from one DNA stand toa different one in the bacteria E. coli. Two of the plates were a control group, hich meant there was no growth after the plates were taken out of the incubator. These two control plates were the ones containing -pGLO LB/amp and -pGLO LB. The transformation plates were the two plates containing +pGLO LB/amp and +pGLO LB/ amp/ara. These two plates showed a substantial growth in bacteria after being taken out of the incubator, one plate showing a considerably larger growth than the other and they both glowed under UV light due to the pGLO. The plate that obtained the arabinose had the largest amount of growth over the 24-hour period. http://mol-bi014masters. masters. grkraJ. g/html/Genetic_Engineering4A- Transformation-Bacterial Cells. htm http://faculty. clintoncc. suny. edu/faculty/michael. gregory/files/bio%20101 [bio %20101 %201aboratory/bacterial%20transformation/results. htm Discussion: Our hypothesis was: the plates with pGLO will have growth because they are glowing. Our results supported our hypothesis, the plates th at showed growth were the plates containing +pGLO LB/amp and +pGLO LB/amp/ara. Where as the other two plates showed no growth at all, which matched our hypothesis. Michael Gregory did a previous experiment; he came to the same conclusion that our experiments’ results oncluded. His experiment was identical to ours, involving the same materials and procedure. The same plates showed growth in his experiment as ours, as well as the plates that didn’t show growth were the same. (Gregory, 2004). The only weakness that I could think of that would have a major effect on the results would be not using sterile equipment and causing cross contamination. Our experiments did not have any problems arise that would affect the results we obtained. How to cite Bacterial Transformation Using pGLO Involving X and Y Genes, Papers

Martha Stewart Business Ethics Essay Example

Martha Stewart: Business Ethics Paper In June of 2003, Martha Stewart was indicted on several criminal and civil counts from the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) . Without consideration of the verdict, the question remains; Did Martha Stewart, as CEO, act responsibly? Even though she was found guilty on all four counts against her, she could still be considered to have acted ethically. To determine the responsibility and ethics of her actions, the specifics of the case will be applied to a process to determine both the utility and the consequences of her actions. What was the affect of her actions (utility), what were the rights and duties involved (deontology), and ultimately, a decision as to were here actions ethical? Who did Martha Stewart’s actions hurt? Who did they help? Central to theses questions of utility are the specifics of her actions and the circumstances surrounding them. As previously stated, Martha Stewart was found guilty on several criminal charges. How did she get there? What took place? Enron. Tyco. WorldCom. These companies created an environment of public mistrust of big corporations. Lives were destroyed; life savings depleted, and at the end, seemingly light punishments, if any were given to responsible parties. There was no tolerance for continued corporate impropriety. Martha Stewart sold almost 4000 (exactly 3,928) shares of her personally owned stock of ImClone in December 2001. The perception of wrong-doing came about as it related to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) disapproval of an ImClone drug. A friend of Stewart, and ImClone executive, indicated to her that the FDA would not approve the drug. Martha Stewart subsequently sold her shares of the depreciating stock, avoiding a sizeable loss. We will write a custom essay sample on Martha Stewart: Business Ethics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Martha Stewart: Business Ethics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Martha Stewart: Business Ethics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Stewart maintained that there was a pre-existing agreement with her portfolio manager to sell the stock when its value fell to $60 dollars a share, and that the FDA decision and her actions were coincidental. So who benefited from her sell of stock? Obviously, she was able to save money (or rather minimize her loss, as the stock value was already falling). More importantly, who did her actions hurt? Who was the victim? Of course there were many, many people who lost varying amounts of money on ImClone stock, but that would have happened had Stewart not sold her shares. It also did not happen because she sold her shares. From any perspective, it seems as thought there is no victim. There is no victim — no one who was hurt by the actions of someone buying or selling on inside information. Maybe it seems obvious to you that an insider cant profit without someone else being hurt, but that simply isnt the case. In a utilitarian manner, there is no reason to view Stewart’s actions as unethical. Under utilitarianism, a balance between harm and help is done to determine the ethics of an action. Referring to the above, Martha Stewart is looking very ethical in her actions. No one seem to have been hurt, and at least one person benefited, if only financially. The other aspect of the utility test however, is a question of time. Not only must an action be more beneficial than harmful to greatest number of people at the point of the action, but over the long term. An example would be pollution. A chemical company could easily dispose of chemical waste in a local body of water, in an uninhabited area. The immediate result is beneficial to all. The company saves on the enormous expense of controlling, transporting and/or disposing of its waste and there isn’t anyone in the area to complain about the waste. As time passes, the circumstances change. The waterway, which once had a diluting and neutralizing affect, is now heavily contaminated. The surrounding plant and wildlife which drink the water pass on its harmful effects to greater areas, and eventually someone gets sick or dies from something that could have occurred many years ago. This does not happen in the Stewart scenario. No matter how far out you look, no one is ever harmed by her actions. Did Martha Stewart have a duty to act differently than she did? Did here actions violate anyone’s rights? Let’s remember that we are talking about Martha Stewart’s personal stock in a company that she has no control or influence. What duty did she have other than to herself; to protect the value of her personal stock? Many have written that insider trading is a â€Å"victimless crime†. Tibor Machan, writes further on the subject: â€Å"The bottom line is that insider trading is not wrong, actually, not if it doesn’t involve failure to perform one’s fiduciary duty or stealing information. If one learns of something from a friend or overhears a conversation or obtains the knowledge via a psychic, there is nothing wrong with making a profitable move that others hadn’t had the chance to make. † So she upheld her duty. She protected her own interest. Did she violate anyone else’s rights? Again, the fact that it was her personal stock in a company that she was not involved with directly is huge. Let’s say for a moment that she received a tip that stock in her company was failing. Things would be much different. Wouldn’t she have a duty to inform her shareholders that hard times were coming? Wouldn’t that be the right of you financial base, to have full disclosure of the issues that will affect their investment? Of course, but that is not the situation. Because no one else was involved, it is impossible that anyone else’s right was denied. More over, Martha Stewart should have a right to manage her money and investments in such a way that will provide best outcome. If she or anyone else is denied that right, what is the point? â€Å"Finance †¦is not a game! Its aim is to secure prosperity, economic success. And that requires savvy, acumen, not bending over backwards to please one’s competitors†. The specifics of the Martha Stewart case when applied to the test of ethics finds Martha Stewart did not act unethically. Not acting unethically is not the same as acting ethically however. All the analysis above has been in a context of no criminality to her actions. The simple fact remains that what she did was illegal. I think the real question that should come from such a study like this is if the law is ethical. Many people feel as though Stewart did nothing wrong. Maybe, maybe not. That’s is to be fought and decided in the court of public opinion. For my money, at least from what we have been told, Martha Stewart, not unexpectedly for a superb entrepreneur, made some prudent financial moves and the feds, along with many resentful Americans, seem to hate her for it. She didn’t make the right moves with the feds, of course, who came after her for that and for nothing else, really. As Juror No. 8 had put it, Maybe this is a victory for the little guys who lose money thanks to these kinds of transactions. Maybe it’s a message to the big wigs. So, it was about envy, resentment, not any violation of anyone’s rights.

Free Essays on Built To Last

â€Å"Built To Last†: A Study in Visionary Business Most theories of management are based on a structured set of definitive principles from which executive business strategies are intended to proceed. Such practical organizational guidelines as the formation of a coherent and focused mission, the endowments of a talented leader and a trained attentiveness to the development of a single, visionary product are commonly incurred in the theoretical discourse. Collins and Porras, however, have conducted a study regarding the historical, economical and philosophical impetus behind those corporate entities which we have come today to recognize as visionary. Classified as visionary for both their unique virtuosity in their chosen discipline(s) and for their status as culturally pervasive icons of perpetuating importance, the major corporations included in the study are selected for their capacity to illustrate the factors that make a visionary company. In order to accomplish this, the business theorists employ a case by case study in which visionary companies are marked by one of any number of factors against close competitors in their respective fields. The methodology is intended â€Å"to identify the underlying characteristics and dynamics common to highly visionary companies†¦and to translate these findings into a useful conceptual framework† (Collins, 12). This goal is also intended to be buffeted with an effective conveyance of the principles in an executable way that may be taken on by future associates to would-be visionary companies. Each case which the writers consider in order to accomplish this two-fold goal is centered around determining what fundamentally sets the visionary company apart from the control company. In each case, the data yielded is proposed to offer a framework for the route to visionary status. The study incorporates thirty six companies; eighteen visionary and eighteen control organizations. As a study on the dive... Free Essays on Built To Last Free Essays on Built To Last â€Å"Built To Last†: A Study in Visionary Business Most theories of management are based on a structured set of definitive principles from which executive business strategies are intended to proceed. Such practical organizational guidelines as the formation of a coherent and focused mission, the endowments of a talented leader and a trained attentiveness to the development of a single, visionary product are commonly incurred in the theoretical discourse. Collins and Porras, however, have conducted a study regarding the historical, economical and philosophical impetus behind those corporate entities which we have come today to recognize as visionary. Classified as visionary for both their unique virtuosity in their chosen discipline(s) and for their status as culturally pervasive icons of perpetuating importance, the major corporations included in the study are selected for their capacity to illustrate the factors that make a visionary company. In order to accomplish this, the business theorists employ a case by case study in which visionary companies are marked by one of any number of factors against close competitors in their respective fields. The methodology is intended â€Å"to identify the underlying characteristics and dynamics common to highly visionary companies†¦and to translate these findings into a useful conceptual framework† (Collins, 12). This goal is also intended to be buffeted with an effective conveyance of the principles in an executable way that may be taken on by future associates to would-be visionary companies. Each case which the writers consider in order to accomplish this two-fold goal is centered around determining what fundamentally sets the visionary company apart from the control company. In each case, the data yielded is proposed to offer a framework for the route to visionary status. The study incorporates thirty six companies; eighteen visionary and eighteen control organizations. As a study on the dive...

The History Behind Sociology

The History Behind Sociology Although sociology has its roots in the works of philosophers like Plato, Aristotle, and Confucius, it is a relatively new academic discipline. It emerged in the early 19th century in response to the challenges of modernity. Increasing mobility and technological advances resulted in the increasing exposure of people to cultures and societies different from their own. The impact of this exposure was varied, but for some people, it included the breakdown of traditional norms and customs and warranted a revised understanding of how the world works. Sociologists responded to these changes by trying to understand what holds social groups together and also to explore possible solutions to the breakdown of social solidarity. Thinkers of the Enlightenment period in the 18th century also helped set the stage for the sociologists who would follow. This period was the first time in history that thinkers tried to provide general explanations of the social world. They were able to detach themselves, at least in principle, from expounding some existing ideology and to attempt to lay down general principles that explained social life. The Birth of Sociology as a Discipline The term sociology was coined by French philosopher Auguste Comte in 1838, who for this reason is known as the â€Å"Father of Sociology.† Comte felt that science could be used to study the social world. Just as there are testable facts regarding gravity and other natural laws, Comte thought that scientific analyses could also discover the laws governing our social lives. It was in this context that Comte introduced the concept of positivism to sociology - a way to understand the social world based on scientific facts. He believed that, with this new understanding, people could build a better future. He envisioned a process of social change in which sociologists played crucial roles in guiding society. Other events of that time period also influenced the development of sociology. The 19th and 20th centuries were times of many social upheavals and changes in the social order that interested the early sociologists. The political revolutions sweeping Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries led to a focus on social change and the establishment of social order that still concerns sociologists today. Many early sociologists were also concerned with the Industrial Revolution and the rise of capitalism and socialism. Additionally, the growth of cities and religious transformations were causing many changes in people’s lives. Other classical theorists of sociology from the late 19th and early 20th centuries include Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim,  Max Weber, W.E.B. DuBois, and Harriet Martineau. As pioneers in sociology, most of the early sociological thinkers were trained in other academic disciplines, including history, philosophy, and economics. The diversity of their training is reflected in the topics they researched, including religion, education, economics, inequality, psychology, ethics, philosophy, and theology. These pioneers of sociology all had a vision of using sociology to call attention to social concerns and bring about social change. In Europe, for example, Karl Marx teamed with wealthy industrialist Friedrich Engels to address class inequality. Writing during the Industrial Revolution, when many factory owners were lavishly wealthy and many factory workers despairingly poor, they attacked the rampant inequalities of the day and focused on the role of capitalist economic structures in perpetuating these inequalities. In Germany, Max Weber was active in politics while in France, Emile Durkheim advocated for educational reform. In Britain, Harriet Martineau advocated for the rights of girls and women, and in the U.S., W.E.B. DuBois focused on the problem of racism. The Modern History of Sociology The growth of sociology as an academic discipline in the United States coincided with the establishment and upgrading of many universities that were including a new focus on graduate departments and curricula on â€Å"modern subjects.† In 1876, Yale University’s William Graham Sumner taught the first course identified as â€Å"sociology† in the United States. The University of Chicago established the first graduate department of sociology in the United States in 1892 and by 1910, most colleges and universities were offering sociology courses. Thirty years later, most of these schools had established sociology departments. Sociology was first taught in high schools in 1911. Sociology was also growing in Germany and France during this period. However, in Europe, the discipline suffered great setbacks as a result of World Wars I and II. Many sociologists were killed or fled Germany and France between 1933 and the end of World War II. After World War II, sociologists returned to Germany influenced by their studies in America. The result was that American sociologists became the world leaders in theory and research for many years. Sociology has grown into a diverse and dynamic discipline, experiencing a proliferation of specialty areas. The American Sociological Association (ASA) was formed in 1905 with 115 members. By the end of 2004, it had grown to almost 14,000 members and more than 40 â€Å"sections† covering specific areas of interest. Many other countries also have large national sociology organizations. The International Sociological Association (ISA) boasted more than 3,300 members in 2004 from 91 different countries. The ISA sponsored research committees covering more than 50 different areas of interest, covering topics as diverse as children, aging, families, law, emotions, sexuality, religion, mental health, peace and war, and work. Sources About ASA. American Sociological Association, 2019. Statutes of the International Sociological Association. International Sociological Association.